Javascript required
Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / Studyblue Art Can Often Lead to an Intense Emotional Release Also Referred to as

Studyblue Art Can Often Lead to an Intense Emotional Release Also Referred to as

Report of influence of colour on human behavior

The "rose of temperaments" (Temperamenten-Rose) compiled by Goethe and Schiller in 1798/9. The diagram matches twelve colors to human occupations or their character traits, grouped in the four temperaments: * choleric (red/orange/yellow): tyrants, heroes, adventurers * sanguine (xanthous/green/cyan) hedonists, lovers, poets * phlegmatic (cyan/blue/violet): public speakers, historians * melancholic (violet/magenta/ruddy): philosophers, pedants, rulers

Colour psychology is the study of hues as a determinant of man beliefs. Carl Jung has been credited as one of the pioneers in this field for his explorations into the properties and meanings of colors in our lives. Jung is quoted for saying, "colours are the mother tongue of the subconscious"[1] Colour influences perceptions that are not obvious, such equally the taste of food. Colors accept qualities that tin cause certain emotions in people.[two] Colors tin also heighten the effectiveness of placebos.[iii] For example, ruddy or orange pills are by and large used as stimulants.[iii] How color influences individuals may differ depending on age, gender, and culture. For example, heterosexual men tend to report that red outfits enhance female person attractiveness, while heterosexual females deny any outfit color impacting that of men.[4] Although color associations can vary contextually between cultures, color preference is to be relatively uniform beyond gender and race.[5]

Color psychology is also widely used in marketing and branding. Marketers see color as important, equally color can influence a consumers' emotions and perceptions virtually goods and services.[six] Logos for companies are important, since the logos can concenter more customers. This happens when customers believe the company logo matches the personality of the appurtenances and services, such equally the colour pinkish heavily used on Victoria'southward Hole-and-corner branding.[vii] Colors are too of import for window displays in stores. Research shows that colors such every bit cherry tended to attract spontaneous purchasers, despite cool colors such every bit blueish being more favorable.[8] Red and yellow, as a combination, tin can stimulate hunger, which may help to explain, in function, the success of fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's, Burger King, and In-Northward-Out Burger.[ix] The phenomenon has been referred to equally the "ketchup & mustard" theory.[10]

While marketing makes lucrative use of color psychology'south principles, the applications of the field impact many other domains such as in medical therapies, sports, hospital settings, and even in game design.

History [edit]

Before there was color psychology every bit a field, color was being used for centuries as a method of treatment every bit early equally 2000 BC. The ancient Egyptians documented color "cures" using painted rooms or sunlight shining through crystals as therapy. One of the earliest medical documents, the Nei Ching, documents color diagnoses associated with colour healing practices.[xi]

Carl Jung is about prominently associated with the pioneering stages of color psychology in the 20th century. Jung was almost interested in colors' properties and meanings, as well every bit in art'due south potential every bit a tool for psychotherapy. His studies in and writings on color symbolism encompass a broad range of topics, from mandalas to the works of Picasso to the most-universal sovereignty of the color gilded, the lattermost of which, co-ordinate to Charles A. Riley 2, "expresses... the apex of spirituality, and intuition".[12] In pursuing his studies of colour usage and effects across cultures and time periods, also as in examining his patients' self-created mandalas, Jung attempted to unlock and develop a language, or code, the ciphers of which would be colors. He looked to alchemy to further his understanding of the secret linguistic communication of color, finding the key to his research in alchemical transmutation. His work has historically informed the mod field of colour psychology.

Model of color psychology [edit]

The general model of colour psychology relies on half dozen basic principles:

  1. Color can carry a specific significant.
  2. Colour meaning is either based in learned significant or biologically innate pregnant.
  3. The perception of a color causes evaluation automatically by the person perceiving.
  4. The evaluation procedure forces color-motivated beliefs.
  5. Color ordinarily exerts its influence automatically.
  6. Color significant and result has to exercise with context as well.[eight]

Influence of colour on perception [edit]

Multiple researchers propose that one cistron in the evolution of primate trichromatic color vision is to allow for amend perception of others' emotions or condition which tin prove highly useful for complex social interaction.[13] For example, flushed or pale skin can non-verbally communicate whether they are excited or sickly. Besides its use for social situations, color has an impact in multiple facets of our perceptions.

Taste [edit]

Color also affects how people perceive the edibility and flavour of foods and drinks.[xiv] Not only the color of the food itself merely likewise that of everything in the eater'south field of vision can bear on this. For example, in nutrient stores, bread is normally sold in packaging busy or tinted with golden or brown tones to promote the idea of home broiled and oven freshness.[xv] People can fault a carmine flavored potable for being lime or lemon flavored if that drink was a green color. Additionally, a flavor can be intensified past a color. People can rate a brownish M&M equally more chocolate flavored than a green G&One thousand based on color.[fourteen] This interaction can exist mediated by our perceptions too, peculiarly depending on cultural expectation. Research in the UK demonstrated that individuals receiving a brown drinkable would take unlike expectations for the gustation (i.e. expecting a Cola) while someone from Taiwan may wait a grape flavored beverage because of popular drinks in their culture.[xvi]

Time [edit]

Recent results[17] showed that the perceived duration of a blood-red screen was longer than was that of a bluish screen. The results reflected sex differences; men, but not women, overestimated the duration of the ruddy screen. Additionally, the reaction times to a red screen were faster than those to a blue screen. Participants who reacted quickly to a cerise screen overestimated its duration. In a demo with 150 people called at random, it was institute that inside a pod bathed in blue color the average perceived duration of a minute was 11 seconds shorter than in a pod bathed in crimson colour.[xviii] However, another study looking at perceived duration institute reverse results regarding blue and ruby-red stimuli.[19]

Light [edit]

Light and color influence how people see their surroundings. Different types of low-cal sources affect interior or external objects past visually changing their surface colors. Specific hues observed under natural sunlight may vary when seen nether the light from an incandescent (tungsten) light-bulb: lighter colors may appear to be more orange or "brownish" and darker colors may appear even darker.[20] Calorie-free and the colour of an object can affect how 1 perceives its positioning. If light or shadow, or the color of the object, masks an object'south true contour (outline of a figure) it can announced to be shaped differently from reality.[20] Objects under a uniform light-source will promote meliorate impression of three-dimensional shape.[20] The colour of an object may impact whether or not it seems to be in motion. In detail, the trajectories of objects nether a light source whose intensity varies with infinite are more difficult to decide than identical objects under a uniform low-cal source. This could possibly exist interpreted equally interference betwixt motion and color perception, both of which are more difficult under variable lighting.[xx]

Blue lite causes people to feel relaxed, which has led countries to add blue street lights in social club to decrease suicide rates.[21] In 2000, the city of Glasgow installed bluish street lighting in certain neighborhoods and later reported the anecdotal finding of reduced criminal offence in these areas.[22] [23] A railroad company in Japan installed blueish lighting on its stations in October 2009 in an effort to reduce the number of suicide attempts,[24] although the effect of this technique has been questioned.[25]

Medicine [edit]

The color of placebo pills is reported to exist a gene in their effectiveness, with "hot-colored" (cherry-red, xanthous, etc.) pills working better as stimulants and "cool-colored" (blue, regal, etc.) pills working ameliorate equally depressants. This relationship is believed to exist a consequence of the patient's expectations and not a directly effect of the colour itself.[3] Consequently, these furnishings appear to be civilisation-dependent.[26]

Color preference and the connectedness between color and emotion [edit]

How people respond to dissimilar color stimuli varies from person to person. In a U.S. study, blue is the top pick at 35%, followed by green (16%), purple (10%) and blood-red (9%).[27] Bluish and dark-green may be due to a preference for certain habitats that were beneficial in the bequeathed environment as explained in evolutionary aesthetics.[28] Orange, yellow, and brown are the least popular colors, respectively.[29]

One theory for why people adopt one color over another is called ecological valence theory (EVT) proposed by Stephen Palmer and Karen Schloss.[thirty] This theory asserts that people tend to like or dislike colors based on their associations of the color to other objects or situations that they take strong feelings about. For instance, if someone assembly the color blue with clean water, they would be more likely to favor blueish. On the other hand, people's dislike of the color brown could exist due to associations of it with feces or rotten food.

Color preference may also depend on ambience temperature. People who are cold oft select warm colors such as carmine or yellow, while people who are hot favor cool colors like blue and green.[viii] Introverted individuals are also found to exist more attracted to cool colors, while extroverts prefer warmer colors.[31]

Psychologist Andrew J. Elliot tested to see if the colour of a person's clothing could make them appear more than sexually highly-seasoned. He found heterosexual men and women dressed in red were significantly more probable to attract romantic attending than women dressed in any other colour. The color did not impact heterosexual women's assessment of other women's attractiveness. Other studies take shown men dressed in red appeal to heterosexual women.[4]

Uses in marketing [edit]

Since colour is an important factor in the visual appearance of products too as in make recognition, color psychology has become important to marketing. Recent piece of work in marketing has shown that colour tin exist used to communicate brand personality.[32]

Marketers must be aware of the awarding of color in unlike media (east.g. print vs. web), every bit well as the varying meanings and emotions that a particular audience tin can assign to color. Even though there are attempts to classify consumer response to different colors, everyone perceives color differently. The physiological and emotional issue of color in each person is influenced by several factors such every bit by experiences, civilization, religion, natural surroundings, gender, race, and nationality. When making color decisions, information technology is important to make up one's mind the target audience in order to convey the right bulletin. Colour decisions can influence both direct messages and secondary brand values and attributes in whatsoever communication. Colour should be carefully selected to align with the key message and emotions existence conveyed in a slice.[33]

Inquiry on the effects of color on production preference and marketing shows that product color could affect consumer preference and hence purchasing culture. This is mostly due to associative learning. Almost results show that it is non a specific color that attracts all audiences, but that certain colors are deemed appropriate for certain products.[34]

Brand meaning [edit]

Colour is a very influential source of information when people are making a purchasing determination.[35] Customers generally brand an initial judgment on a product within 90 seconds of interaction with that product and nearly 62%-ninety% of that judgment is based on colour.[35] People often encounter the logo of a brand or company as a representation of that visitor. Without prior experience to a logo, we begin to associate a brand with certain characteristics based on the primary logo color.[36]

Color mapping provides a means of identifying potential logo colors for new brands and ensuring make differentiation within a visually cluttered market.[37] [ failed verification ]

A study on logo color asked participants to rate how advisable the logo color was for fictional companies based on the products each visitor produced. Participants were presented with fictional products in eight different colors and had to rate the ceremoniousness of the colour for each production. This report showed a design of logo color appropriateness based on production function. If the production was considered functional, fulfills a need or solves a problem, then a functional color was seen as near appropriate. If the product was seen as sensory-social, conveys attitudes, status, or social approving, then sensory-social colors were seen as more appropriate.[36] Companies should decide what types of products to produce then choose a logo colour that is connotative with their products' functions.

Company logos can portray meaning merely through the use of colour.[38] Color affects people's perceptions of a new or unknown company. Some companies such as Victoria's Secret and H&R Cake used color to change their corporate image and create a new brand personality for a specific target audition.[38] Research done on the relationship between logo color and 5 personality traits had participants rate a computer-made logo in different colors on scales relating to the dimensions of brand personality. Relationships were found between color and sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness. A follow upwards study tested the effects of perceived brand personality and purchasing intentions.[38] Participants were presented with a product and a summary of the preferred brand personality and had to charge per unit the likelihood of purchasing a product based on packaging colour. Purchasing intent was greater if the perceived personality matched the marketed product or service. In turn color affects perceived make personality and brand personality affects purchasing intent.[38]

Although colour can exist useful in marketing, its value and extent of use depends on how it is used and the audience it is used on.[39] The utilize of color will have different effects on dissimilar people, therefore experimental findings cannot be taken as universally true.

Specific color meaning [edit]

Different colors are perceived to hateful different things. For example, tones of scarlet pb to feelings of arousal while blueish tones are often associated with feelings of relaxation. Both of these emotions are pleasant, so therefore, the colors themselves tin can procure positive feelings in advertisements. The chart beneath gives perceived meanings of dissimilar colors in the United States.

Functional (F): fulfills a need or solves a trouble[36]

Sensory-Social (S): conveys attitudes, status, or social approval[36]

Red Yellow Green Blueish Pink Violet/Majestic Orange Brown Black White
Lust (S)[40] Competence (Southward)[38] Good Gustatory modality (F)[xl] Masculine (S)[twoscore] Sophistication (S)[38] Potency (S)[40] Warmth (Southward)[41] Ruggedness (S)[38] Grief (S)[40] Happiness (Southward)[40]
Power (S)[42] Happiness (S)[40] Green-eyed (S)[40] Competence (S)[38] Sincerity (S)[38] Sophistication (S)[38] Excitement (S)[41] Sophistication (S)[38] Sincerity (S)[38]
Excitement (Southward)[38] Inexpensive (F)[29] Eco-Friendly (F) [43] High quality (F)[twoscore] Feminine and Flirty (S)[forty] Power (S)[40] Expensive (F)[40] Purity (S)[40]
Honey (South)[40] Low Quality (F)[29] Health (Southward) [43] Corporate (F)[40] Fear (S)[40]
Speed (S) [v] Money (F)[44] Reliability (F) [29]
Acrimony (S)[45]

Meanings in cartography [edit]

This map of precipitation leverages the natural connotations of blue as wet and yellowish as dry out, but readers have to make a witting endeavor to not interpret green as vegetation

In map design, additional color meanings are usually employed to create intuitive map symbols, due to the natural colors of common geographic features.[46] These correlations are usually stylized and conventionalized, so that the colour with the virtually intuitive meaning is often the nearest prototypical named colour rather than that nearly similar to the real-earth color (east.g., in very rare locations is h2o as deep and pure a blue every bit is commonly used in maps). Common (but by no ways authoritative or exhaustive) examples include:

  • Green: vegetation
  • Blue: water (h2o bodies, precipitation), cold
  • Xanthous: dryness
  • Brown: soil
  • Scarlet: heat, wildfire
  • Purple: unnatural (contrasting with natural connotations of green, yellow, blueish)
  • Gray/Blackness: man structures (roads, buildings)

Other colors can have intuitive pregnant due to their role in Gestalt psychology and other cerebral aspects of the map-reading process. For instance, shades that contrast most with the background (i.e., dark on a white page, light on a dark screen) are naturally perceived every bit "more" (higher values of quantitative backdrop, more important in the Visual hierarchy) than shades with less contrast.

Combining colors [edit]

Although some companies use a unmarried color to correspond their make, many other companies use a combination of colors in their logo, and can be perceived in different ways than those colors independently. When asked to rate color pair preference of preselected pairs, people by and large adopt color pairs with like hues when the two colors are both in the foreground; yet, greater dissimilarity between the figure and the background is preferred.[47]

In contrast to a potent preference for similar color combinations, some people like to accent with a highly contrasting color.[48] In a study on color preference for Nike, Inc. sneakers, people generally combined colors near each other on the color wheel, such every bit blueish and dark blue. However, a smaller segment preferred to take the Nike swoosh accentuated in a different, and contrasting, color. Most of the people also used a relatively pocket-sized number of colors when designing their ideal athletic shoe. This finding has relevance for companies that produce multicolored trade, suggesting that to entreatment to consumer preferences, companies should consider minimizing the number of colors visible and using similar hues in whatsoever ane production.[49]

Colour name [edit]

Although dissimilar colors can exist perceived in different means, the names of those colors matters as well.[49] [50] These names are often called visual colour descriptors. Many products and companies focus on producing a wide range of product colors to attract the largest population of consumers. For example, cosmetics brands produce a rainbow of colors for eye shadow and nail polish, to appeal to every type of person. Even companies such as Apple Inc. and Dell who make iPods and laptops do so with a sure amount of color personalization available to attract buyers. Moreover, color name, non merely the actual color, tin attract or repel buyers likewise. When asked to charge per unit color swatches and products with either generic color names (such equally brown) or "fancy" color names (such as mocha), participants rated items with fancy names as significantly more likable than items with generic names.[49] In fact, the same paint color swatch with two unlike names produced different rating levels, and the same effect was found when participants rated the pleasantness of towels given fancy or generic color names,[49] showing an overall pattern of preference for fancy color names over generic ones when describing exactly the same color.

Furthermore, it would appear that in addition to fancy names being preferred for their aural entreatment, they may actually contribute to the product they represent itself being liked more, and hence in this manner impact sales.[51] A yellowish jelly bean with an atypical color name such as razzmatazz is more likely to be selected than i with a more typical proper name such every bit lemon yellow. This could exist due to greater interest in atypical names, as well equally marvel and willingness to "figure out" why that name was chosen. Purchasing intent patterns regarding custom sweatshirts from an online vendor as well revealed a preference for atypical names. Participants were asked to imagine buying sweatshirts and were provided with a variety of color name options, some typical, some atypical. Color names that were singular were selected more oftentimes than typical color names, once more confirming a preference for atypical color names and for item descriptions using those names.[51] Moreover, those who chose sweatshirts bearing singular colour names were described as more content with their purchase than those who selected similar items bearing typical color names.

Alluring attending [edit]

A store sign painted mainly red on a street in Bangkok to attract attention from passers-by

Colour is used every bit a means to attract consumer attending to a product that then influences buying behavior.[52] Consumers utilise color to place for known brands or search for new alternatives. Variety seekers wait for non-typical colors when selecting new brands. Attractive color packaging receives more than consumer attention than unattractive color packaging, which tin so influence buying behavior. A study that looked at visual colour cues focused on predicted purchasing behavior for known and unknown brands.[52] Participants were shown the aforementioned product in 4 different colors and brands. The results showed that people picked packages based on colors that attracted their voluntary and involuntary attention. Associations fabricated with that color such as 'light-green fits menthol', likewise affected their conclusion. Based on these findings implications can be made on the all-time colour choices for packages. New companies or new products could consider using unlike colors to attract attention to the brand, just off-brand companies could consider using similar colors to the leading make to emphasize product similarity. If a company is irresolute the look of a product, but keeping the product the aforementioned, they consider keeping the same color scheme since people use colour to place and search for brands.[52] This can exist seen in Crayola crayons, where the logo has changed many times since 1934, just the basic parcel colors, gold and greenish, accept been kept throughout.

Attention is captured subconsciously before people can consciously attend to something.[53] Research looking at electroencephalography (EEGs) while people made decisions on color preference found brain activation when a favorite color is present earlier the participants consciously focused on information technology. When looking at various colors on a screen people focus on their favorite colour, or the color that stands out more, earlier they purposefully turn their attention to it. This implies that products tin capture someone's attending based on color, before the person willingly looks at the product.[53]

In interactive design and behavioral design, color is used to develop visual hierarchies where colors are placed into saliency hierarchies that match other hierarchies. Examples include matching a color hierarchy to a navigational structure hierarchy, or matching a behavioral science hierarchy to the most salient colors in a visual hierarchy, to increase the odds that important behavior change principles are noticed by a target audience and candy by them.[54]

Store and display color [edit]

Warm colored window display

Color is not only used in products to attract attention, but also in window displays and stores.[55] When people are exposed to different colored walls and images of window displays and store interiors they tend to exist fatigued to some colors and not to others. Findings showed that people were physically drawn to warm colored displays; still, they rated cool colored displays as more favorable. This implies that warm colored store displays are more appropriate for spontaneous and unplanned purchases, whereas cool colored displays and store entrances may be a better fit for purchases where a lot of planning and customer deliberation occurs. This is especially relevant in shopping malls where patrons could easily walk into a shop that attracts their attention without previous planning.[55]

Other research has confirmed that store color, and not simply the product, influences buying beliefs.[50] When people are exposed to dissimilar store color scenarios and then surveyed on intended buying behavior, store colour, amongst various other factors, seems of import for purchasing intentions. Particularly blue, a cool colour, was rated as more favorable and produced higher purchasing intentions than orange, a warm color. Even so, all negative furnishings to orangish were neutralized when orangish store color was paired with soft lighting. This shows that store colour and lighting really collaborate.[50]

Lighting color could have a strong effect on perceived experience in stores and other situation. For example, fourth dimension seems to pass more slowly nether reddish lights and time seems to laissez passer chop-chop under bluish calorie-free.[35] Casinos take full advantage of this miracle by using colour to get people to spend more time and hence more than money in their casino.[35] Nevertheless, a presumed influence of colored light (red vs. blue) on risk beliefs could not exist demonstrated.[56]

Applications for therapy [edit]

Art therapist Felicity Kodjo watches over a patient during an art therapy workshop.

Art therapy [edit]

Art therapy is a separate but related field of applied psychology. It comes from psychoanalytic theories in the 1970's that argued that some of our emotions and experiences cannot just exist expressed in words, but in images and colors.[57] One intersection where color psychology could be of use to art therapists is in evaluating what certain colors mean to clients when they use them to create art pieces. Even the lack of color use can be an of import detail in art therapy, as people struggling with depression tend to use less colour when they are painting.[57] It's also suggested that past focusing on color utilize rather than the resulting image made past a client, you tin can avoid clients' anxiety over producing a "good" product and focus more on what the colors they used hateful to them in order to start a dialogue almost their feelings.[57]

Chromotherapy [edit]

Chromotherapy is a treatment method adapted from aboriginal color-based practices that uses wavelengths in the visual spectrum (colors we can run into) to treat dissimilar conditions.[58] This therapy has been researched to treat multiple physiological and psychiatric conditions, such as seasonal affective disorder (Distressing), age-related cognitive reject, low, and hypertension among others.[59] [threescore] [61] However, many in the healthcare field believe that chromotherapy does non have a robust research bankroll and have described it equally a pseudoscience.[62] Other sources claim that while certain colors have been shown as beneficial to wellbeing, the clear definition of what wavelengths are beneficial and exactly how these benefits occur is not clear enough to put them to apply in a medical setting.[63]

Individual differences [edit]

Pink girls section of toy store

Gender [edit]

Children'due south toys are oft categorized every bit either boys or girls toys solely based on color. In a written report on color effects on perception, adult participants were shown blurred images of children's toys where the only decipherable characteristic visible was the toy's color.[64] In full general participants categorized the toys into girl and boy toys based on the visible color of the image. This can be seen in companies interested in marketing masculine toys, such as edifice sets, to boys. For example, Lego uses pinkish to specifically advertise some sets to girls rather than boys. The classification of 'girl' and 'boy' toys on the Disney Shop website also uses color associations for each gender.[65] An analysis of the colors used showed that assuming colored toys, such every bit cherry and blackness, were generally classified as 'boy simply' toys and pastel colored toys, such every bit pinkish and royal, were classified every bit 'girl just' toys. Toys that were classified as both boy and daughter toys took on 'male child only' toy colors. This again emphasizes the distinction in color employ for children's toys.[65]

Gender differences in color associations can also exist seen among adults.[66] Differences were noted for male and female person participants, where the two genders did not agree on which color pairs they enjoyed the most when presented with a variety of colors.[64] [67] Men and women also did non agree on which colors should exist classified as masculine and feminine. This could imply that men and women generally prefer different colors when purchasing items. Men and women as well misperceive what colors the contrary gender views as fitting for them.

Gender has also shown to influence how colors are received, with some research suggesting women and men respectively adopt "warm" and "cool" colors.[8] Blackness, white, and gray, equally tones or shades, were shown to be received more positively by males than females.[35]

Age [edit]

Children'due south toys for younger age groups are oftentimes marketed based on color, but as the age group increases, color becomes less gender-stereotyped.[64] In full general many toys get gender neutral and hence adopt gender-neutral colors. In the United States information technology is common to associate baby girls with pink and baby boys with blue. This difference in young children is a learned deviation rather than an inborn i.[68] Research has looked at the preference of young children, ages 7 months to 5 years, for minor objects in different colors. The results showed that by the age of two–ii.v years socially constructed gendered colors affects children's color preference, where girls adopt pink and boys avoid pink, but evidence no preference for other colors.[68]

Contrary to the developed fondness for blue, in children yellowish is the most favored color, perhaps owing to its associations with happiness.[twoscore] However, children like colors they find to be pleasant and comforting and their preferences don't change much, while adult color preference is usually easily influenced.[8] Slightly older children who take adult a sense of favorite colour oft tend to selection items that are in that color.[69]

Ecological valence theory has been cited as a possible reason for differences in color preferences between adults and infants.[70] Considering adults have more associations between colors and objects or places from life experiences, their preferences are alter as they go older.

Culture [edit]

Many cultural differences exist on perceived colour personality, meaning, and preference. When deciding on brand and production logos, companies should take into business relationship their target consumer, since cultural differences exist. A study looked at color preference in British and Chinese participants.[66] Each participant was presented with a total of 20 color swatches one at a time and had to rate the colour on x unlike emotions. Results showed that British participants and Chinese participants differed on the similar-dislike scale the well-nigh. Chinese participants tended to like colors that they cocky rated as clean, fresh, and modern, whereas British participants showed no such blueprint. When evaluating purchasing intent, color preference affects ownership behavior, where liked colors are more likely to be bought than disliked colors.[52] This implies that companies should consider choosing their target consumer first and then brand product colors based on the target'south color preferences.

Wollard, (2000)[71] seems to think that color tin affect one's mood, only the effect also tin depend on one'south culture and what one'southward personal reflection may be. For case, someone from Japan may not associate red with anger, equally people from the U.S. tend to do. Also, a person who likes the color brown may associate brown with happiness. However, Wollard does think that colors can make everyone experience the same, or shut to the aforementioned, mood.

Studies have shown people from the aforementioned region, regardless of ethnicity, will have the aforementioned color preferences. Mutual associations connecting colors to a item emotion may also differ cross-culturally.[8] For instance, one study examined colour relationships with emotion with participants in Germany, Mexico, Poland, Russia, and the Us; finding that red was associated with anger and viewed as stiff and active.[72] Withal, just Poles related purple with both anger and jealousy while Germans linked jealousy with yellow. This highlights how the influence of different cultures tin potentially alter perceptions of color and its relationship to emotion.[xx]

Sports performance [edit]

Ed Banach wrestles Akira Ohta during the 1984 Summer Olympics.

In detail, the color red has been found to influence sports operation. During the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors in boxing, taekwondo, freestyle wrestling, and Greco-Roman wrestling were randomly given blue or red uniforms. A later on study found that those wearing scarlet won 55% of all the bouts which was a statistically pregnant increase over the expected 50%. The colors affected bouts where the competitors were closely matched in ability, where those wearing ruby-red won 60% of the bouts, but not bouts betwixt more unevenly matched competitors. In England, since WWII, teams wearing red uniforms have averaged higher league positions and have had more league winners than teams using other colors. In cities with more than than one squad, the teams wearing carmine outperformed the teams wearing other colors. A study of the UEFA Euro 2004 found similar results. Another report plant that those taking penalty kicks performed worst when the goalkeeper had a red uniform. More anecdotal is the historical dominance of the domestic honors by red-wearing teams such AFC Ajax, FC Bayern Munich, Liverpool F.C., and Manchester United F.C. Videos of taekwondo bouts were manipulated in i report so that the scarlet and blueish colors of the protective gears were reversed. Both the original and the manipulated videos were shown to referees. The competitors wearing carmine were given college scores despite the videos otherwise existence identical. A report on experienced players of showtime-person shooters found that those assigned to vesture red instead of blue won 55% of the matches.[72]

There are several different explanations for this effect. Carmine is used in end signs and traffic lights which may acquaintance the color with halting. Red is also perceived as a potent and agile color which may influence both the person wearing it and others. An evolutionary psychology explanation is that red may bespeak health as opposed to anemic paleness, or betoken anger due to flushing instead of paleness due to fright. It has been argued that detecting flushing may have influenced the development of primate trichromate vision. Primate studies have plant that some species evaluate rivals and possible mates depending on red color characteristics. Facial redness is associated with testosterone levels in humans, and male peel tends to be redder than female person pare.[72]

Use in hospitals [edit]

At the turn of the 20th century, white was widely used in hospitals. In 1914, a surgeon in a San Francisco hospital, Harry Sherman, adopted green, "the complementary colour to hemaglobin" to avoid dazzle. This was adopted by a number of other American hospitals in the following decades. At around the same time, architect William Ludlow began to abet pale pastel dejection and greens in hospitals for therapeutic purposes and advising that "white is negative". In 1930, Dr. Charles Ireland of Guy's Hospital in London wrote Color and Cancer, a book advocating the utilize of concentrated doses of colored light for treating cancer. The practice of using colour in hospitals became widespread in the 1930s, particularly promoted by Faber Birren, who established himself as an "industrial color consultant" in 1934 and advised that an surround of soft colors, peculiarly green, would exist soothing for patients.[73]

Gaming [edit]

Since color is such an of import element in how people interpret their environment, color psychology can enhance the feeling of immersion in people that play video games. By using color psychology to crusade immersion in players, players can accept less errors playing video games and experience more a part of the game they were playing in comparison to a game that did not take colour psychology immersion.[2]

See also [edit]

  • Color symbolism
  • Color vision
  • Kruithof bend
  • Lüscher color test
  • Visual perception

References [edit]

  1. ^ "CHARACTER COSTUME DESIGN Cosmos", Graphic symbol Costume Figure Drawing, Routledge, pp. 169–183, 2013-03-20, ISBN978-0-08-095407-3 , retrieved 2022-05-04
  2. ^ a b Roohi S, Forouzandeh A (May 2019). "Regarding color psychology principles in take a chance games to enhance the sense of immersion". Entertainment Calculating. 30: 100298. doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2019.100298. ISSN 1875-9521. S2CID 133023544.
  3. ^ a b c de Craen AJ, Roos PJ, de Vries AL, Kleijnen J (1996). "Effect of colour of drugs: systematic review of perceived event of drugs and of their effectiveness". BMJ. 313 (7072): 1624–1626. doi:ten.1136/bmj.313.7072.1624. PMC2359128. PMID 8991013.
  4. ^ a b Alter A (March 21, 2013). "I See Red". Slate.
  5. ^ a b Birren F (1961). Color Psychology & Color Therapy. Secaucus, North. J: The Citadel Printing. p. 198. ISBN0806506539.
  6. ^ "Character COSTUME DESIGN Cosmos", Character Costume Figure Cartoon, Routledge, pp. 169–183, 2013-03-20, ISBN978-0-08-095407-iii , retrieved 2022-05-04
  7. ^ Elliot AJ, Maier MA (2014). "Color psychology: effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans". Annual Review of Psychology. 65: 95–120. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035. PMID 23808916.
  8. ^ a b c d east f Whitfield TW, Wiltshire TJ (November 1990). "Color psychology: a critical review". Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs. 116 (4): 385–411. PMID 2289687.
  9. ^ "Why Y'all Feel Hungry When You See The Colour Cherry". So Yummy. 2019-01-xiv. Retrieved 2021-09-08 .
  10. ^ Findlay P (2018-09-12). "The ketchup and mustard theory of advertising, AKA learning to gustation your brand". Mumbrella . Retrieved 2021-09-08 .
  11. ^ "Colour History". Color Therapy Healing. 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2021-11-20 .
  12. ^ Riley, Charles A. II. "Colour Codes: Modern Theories of Colour in Philosophy, Painting and Compages, Literature, Music, and Psychology". Hanover: University Press of New England, 1995, p. 307.
  13. ^ Elliot AJ, Maier MA (2014-01-03). "Colour psychology: effects of perceiving colour on psychological functioning in humans". Annual Review of Psychology. 65 (1): 95–120. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035. PMID 23808916.
  14. ^ a b Shankar MU, Levitan C, Prescott J, Spence C (2009-04-28). "The Influence of Colour and Label Information on Flavor Perception". Chemosensory Perception. two (two): 53–58. doi:10.1007/s12078-009-9046-4. ISSN 1936-5802. S2CID 59026706.
  15. ^ Bleicher S (2012). Contemporary Colour: Theory & Use. New York: Delmar. pp. 48, 50. ISBN978-i-1335-7997-7.
  16. ^ Shankar MU, Levitan CA, Spence C (March 2010). "Grape expectations: the office of cerebral influences in color-flavor interactions". Consciousness and Cognition. 19 (1): 380–390. doi:ten.1016/j.concog.2009.08.008. PMID 19828330. S2CID 32230245.
  17. ^ Masahiro Shibasaki, Nobuo Masataka (2014) "The color reddish distorts time perception for men, but not for women" Scientific Reports 4, Article number: 5899 doi:ten.1038/srep05899
  18. ^ Beau Lotto in "Do You Encounter What I See" (2011)
  19. ^ Makwana Grand (2018-02-26). "The effects of color on time perception – Blue stimuli are temporally overestimated". Timing Enquiry Forum . Retrieved 2021-x-02 .
  20. ^ a b c d due east Shevell SK, Kingdom FA (2008). "Color in circuitous scenes". Annual Review of Psychology. 59: 143–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093619. PMID 18154500. S2CID 24460261.
  21. ^ Baraniuk C. "Tin can blueish lights foreclose suicide at railroad train stations?". www.bbc.com . Retrieved 2020-03-11 .
  22. ^ "Blue streetlights believed to forbid suicides, street crime". The Seattle Times. 2008-12-11. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010.
  23. ^ Shimbun Y (Dec 10, 2008). "Bluish streetlights may prevent crime, suicide". Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. Retrieved 2010-02-18 .
  24. ^ "Can Bluish-Colored Light Prevent Suicide?". Archived from the original on 2017-12-xv. Retrieved 2010-02-18 .
  25. ^ Will Blue Lights Reduce Suicides in Japan?
  26. ^ Dolinska B (1999). "Empirical investigation into placebo effectiveness" (PDF). Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. sixteen (two): 57–58. doi:10.1017/s0790966700005176. Archived from the original (w) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-04-29 .
  27. ^ Lamancusa K. "Emotional Reactions to Color". Creative Latitude. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-30 .
  28. ^ Dutton, Denis. 2003. 'Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology' in "The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics". Oxford Academy Press.
  29. ^ a b c d "Colour Assignment - By Joe Hallock". www.joehallock.com . Retrieved 2020-03-26 .
  30. ^ Palmer SE, Schloss KB (May 2010). "An ecological valence theory of homo colour preference". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Us of America. 107 (xix): 8877–8882. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8877P. doi:x.1073/pnas.0906172107. PMC2889342. PMID 20421475.
  31. ^ Lichtlé MC (2007-01-01). "The outcome of an advertising's colour on emotions evoked by attitude towards the ad". International Journal of Advertising. 26 (1): 37–62. doi:ten.1080/02650487.2007.11072995. ISSN 0265-0487. S2CID 142662891.
  32. ^ Labrecque LI, Milne GR (2012). "Exciting Red and Competent Blue: The Importance of Color in Marketing". Periodical of the Academy of Marketing Science. 40 (5): 711–727. doi:10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y. S2CID 167731928.
  33. ^ Connecting With Color
  34. ^ Fernández-Vázquez R (2011). "Visual and Instrumental Evaluation of Orangish Juice Color: A Consumers' Preference Report". Journal of Sensory Studies. 26 (vi): 436–444. doi:ten.1111/j.1745-459X.2011.00360.x.
  35. ^ a b c d e Singh S (2006). "Impact of colour on marketing". Management Decision. 44 (6): 783–789. doi:ten.1108/00251740610673332.
  36. ^ a b c d Bottomley PA, Doyle JR (2006). "The interactive furnishings of colors and products on perceptions of make logo appropriateness". Marketing Theory. 6 (i): 63–83. doi:10.1177/1470593106061263. S2CID 53464180.
  37. ^ O'Connor Z. "Logo colour and differentiation: A new application of colour mapping". Color Inquiry & Application, 36 (ane), p55-lx . Retrieved 2016-03-30 .
  38. ^ a b c d east f g h i j k fifty m Labrecque LI, Milne GR (2011). "Exciting red and competent blueish: the importance of color in marketing". Periodical of the Academy of Marketing Science. forty (5): 711–727. doi:10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y. S2CID 167731928.
  39. ^ Warner L, Franzen R (June 1947). "Value of color in advertising". The Journal of Practical Psychology. 31 (three): 260–270. doi:ten.1037/h0057772. PMID 20241978.
  40. ^ a b c d e f k h i j k l k n o p q Aslam MM (2006). "Are Y'all Selling the Right Colour? A Cross-cultural Review of Colour as a Marketing Cue". Journal of Marketing Communications. 12 (1): 15–xxx. doi:10.1080/13527260500247827. S2CID 168153362.
  41. ^ a b Elliot AJ (2015-04-02). "Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work". Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 368. doi:ten.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368. PMC4383146. PMID 25883578.
  42. ^ Piotrowski C, Armstrong T (2012). "Color Ruby: Implications for applied psychology and marketing research". Psychology and Education. 49 (1–2): 55–57.
  43. ^ a b Lupton East (2017). Pattern is storytelling. New York, NY. ISBN978-1-942303-19-0. OCLC 982650081.
  44. ^ Edward T. Vieira, Jr., Public Relations Planning: A Strategic Approach (2018), p. 230.
  45. ^ Kauppinen-Räisänen H, Jauffret MN (2018-01-08). "Using colour semiotics to explore colour meanings". Qualitative Market Research. 21 (i): 101–117. doi:x.1108/QMR-03-2016-0033. ISSN 1352-2752.
  46. ^ Tyner, Judith A., Principles of Map Design, New York: Guilford Printing, 2010, p.64
  47. ^ Schloss KB, Palmer SE (February 2011). "Aesthetic response to color combinations: preference, harmony, and similarity". Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 73 (2): 551–571. doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0027-0. PMC3037488. PMID 21264737.
  48. ^ Deng X, Hui SK, Huntchinson J (2010). "Consumer preferences for color combinations: An empirical analysis of similarity-based color". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 20 (iv): 476–484. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.07.005.
  49. ^ a b c d Skorinko JL, Kemmer S, Hebl MR, Lane DM (2006). "15. A Rose by Whatever Other Name...: Color-Naming Influences on Decision Making". Psychology & Marketing. 23 (12): 975–993. CiteSeerXx.one.1.581.1374. doi:ten.1002/mar.20142.
  50. ^ a b c Babin BJ, Hardesty DM, Suter TA (2003). "Color and shopping intentions". Periodical of Business Research. 56 (vii): 541–551. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00246-half-dozen.
  51. ^ a b Miller EG, Kahn BE (2005). "Shades of Meaning: The Outcome of Colour and Flavour Names on Consumer Option". Journal of Consumer Research. 32 (1): 86–92. CiteSeerX10.1.1.488.3177. doi:ten.1086/429602.
  52. ^ a b c d Kauppinen-Raisanen H, Luomala HT (2010). "Exploring consumers' production-specific color meanings". Qualitative Market place Inquiry. 13 (three): 287–308. doi:10.1108/13522751011053644.
  53. ^ a b Kawasaki M, Yamaguchi Y (January 2012). "Furnishings of subjective preference of colors on attention-related occipital theta oscillations". NeuroImage. 59 (1): 808–814. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.042. PMID 21820064.
  54. ^ Cugelman, B. Cugeman, R. et al. (2019). Color Psychology. AlterSpark. https://www.alterspark.com/colour-psychology
  55. ^ a b Bellizzi JA, Crowley AE, Jerky RW (1983). "The effects of color in store design". Journal of Retailing. 59 (i): 21–45.
  56. ^ Mao T, Yang J, Ru T, Chen Q, Shi H, Zhou J, Zhou Thousand (2018). "Does red light induce people to be riskier? Exploring the colored light effect on the Balloon Counterpart Risk Job (BART)". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 57: 73–82. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.07.001. S2CID 149927011.
  57. ^ a b c Withrow RL (2004). "The Utilise of Color in Fine art Therapy". The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Didactics and Development. 43 (i): 33–forty. doi:10.1002/j.2164-490X.2004.tb00040.ten. ISSN 2164-490X.
  58. ^ Azeemi ST, Rafiq HM, Ismail I, Kazmi SR, Azeemi A (October 2019). "The mechanistic basis of chromotherapy: Electric current knowledge and future perspectives". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 46: 217–222. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.025. PMID 31519282. S2CID 202571445.
  59. ^ Samina T. Yousuf Azeemi, Mohsin Raza, "A Critical Analysis of Chromotherapy and Its Scientific Evolution", Evidence-Based Complementary and Culling Medicine, vol. 2,Article ID 254639, 8 pages, 2005. https://doi.org/ten.1093/ecam/neh137
  60. ^ Paragas ED, Ng AT, Reyes DV, Reyes GA (2019-05-01). "Effects of Chromotherapy on the Cognitive Ability of Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study". Explore. xv (3): 191–197. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2019.01.002. PMID 30718190. S2CID 73443325.
  61. ^ Glickman Grand, Byrne B, Pineda C, Hauck WW, Brainard GC (March 2006). "Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder with bluish narrow-band lite-emitting diodes (LEDs)". Biological Psychiatry. 59 (6): 502–507. doi:ten.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.006. PMID 16165105. S2CID 42586876.
  62. ^ Swan J (2003). Jonathan Swan'due south quack magic: the dubious history of health fads and cures. London: Ebury Printing. ISBN978-0-09-188809-1. OCLC 52515553.
  63. ^ Tofle, R.B. (2004). "Color in Healthcare Environments - A Research Written report" (PDF). California: Coalition for Health Environments Research. Retrieved Nov 19, 2021.
  64. ^ a b c Hull JH, Hull DB, Knopp C (2011). "The Touch on of color on ratings of 'daughter' and 'boy' toys". North American Periodical of Psychology. 13 (3): 549–562. 276353296. Archived from the original on 2016-ten-06. Retrieved 2017-02-14 .
  65. ^ a b Auster CJ, Mansbach CS (2012). "The Gender Marketing of Toys: An Analysis of Color and Type of Toy on the Disney Shop Website". Sexual activity Roles. 67 (seven–8): 375–388. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0177-8. S2CID 143551702.
  66. ^ a b Ou LC, Luo MR, Woodcock A, Wright A (2004). "A study of colour emotion and color preference. Office I: Colour emotions for single colours". Colour Inquiry & Application. 29 (3): 232–240. doi:10.1002/col.20010.
  67. ^ Ou LC, Luo MR, Woodcock A, Wright A (2004). "A study of colour emotion and colour preference. Part 2: Colour emotions for two-colour combinations". Colour Enquiry & Application. 29 (4): 292–298. doi:10.1002/col.20024.
  68. ^ a b Lobue V, Deloache JS (September 2011). "Pretty in pinkish: The early evolution of gender-stereotyped colour preferences". The British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 29 (Pt 3): 656–667. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02027.x. PMID 21848751. S2CID 23219132.
  69. ^ Gollety K, Guichard N (2011). "The dilemma of flavor and colour in the choice of packaging past children". Young Consumers. 12 (1): 82–ninety. doi:10.1108/17473611111114803.
  70. ^ Taylor C, Schloss K, Palmer SE, Franklin A (October 2013). "Color preferences in infants and adults are dissimilar". Psychonomic Message & Review. 20 (5): 916–922. doi:x.3758/s13423-013-0411-6. PMID 23435629. S2CID 10261601.
  71. ^ "Wollard, K. (2000). Orangish you glad you're non bluish?". [ permanent expressionless link ]
  72. ^ a b c Diana Widermann, Robert A. Barton, and Russel A. Loma. Evolutionary perspectives on sport and competition. In Roberts SC (2011). Roberts SC (ed.). Applied Evolutionary Psychology. Oxford Academy Printing. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001. ISBN9780199586073.
  73. ^ Pantalony D (September 2009). "The colour of medicine". CMAJ. 181 (half dozen–7): 402–403. doi:ten.1503/cmaj.091058. PMC2742127. PMID 19737828.

braimingdp1977.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_psychology